An Approach to Reduplication (In Turkish & Persian)
ASHRAF SHEIBANIAGHDAM
ABSTRACT
This paper provides an analysis of reduplication that is a popular phenomenon that attracts many various studies on itself. The present study investigates this issue in Turkish and Persian language by analyzing the reoccurrence of word parts to make new forms implying various meanings and features.
The combination of multiple syllables whose phonics are similar, In addition to creating new words or words associations, and plural forms, have many different functions, that some of which is common in most of different languages .
There are several unique patterns of reduplication, which raise many interesting sights, both special conceptual structures nor even standard procedures. This study provides a unified analysis of reduplication, a highly special word formation process that have been seen in both of these languages. However reduplication principles in Turkish is not so much unique and it has some common patterns with Persian, but the extended generation feature and the intensive frequency of this application in Turkish, makes it distinctive from Persian language.
It is well known that though reduplicative morphemes in general, fulfill their semantic content through copying a base stem, some also display a portion of fixed elements. The mechanism of reduplication and manner in which copies can differ from each other, has been a foundational concern in researches over the past. In this paper the central interest is, emphasizing meaning of the repeated word that serves for intensifying the content .In this kind hyphen is not used before the repeated word. On the other hand, a certain infix that attaches to a stem in imperative verbs and imply heightening among semantic sequence, are the accentuated property of Turkish language that, not only in Persian but also in other languages have rarely been found. The function of an onomatopoeia in creating of the same rule and same meaning in this sense is another advantages of Turkish language that ,will be illustrated with appropriate patterns in this paper.
KEY WORDS: reduplication-intensifying-reduplication in Turkish- reduplication in Persian –onomatopoeia
1.INTRODUCION
The importance of the role of reduplication is acknowledged by all. The high capacity of reduplication in word-formation process has opened new perspectives in linguistics, particularly in lexicography. A lot of scholars are focusing their attention on reduplication.
Although much research has concentrated on definition of reduplication, the kinds and the shapes still need more attention in some languages like Persian and specifically Turkish that is spoken in some provinces in the north west of Iran. In addition comparison of these two languages concerning reduplication is not that widespread. Then, the quantitative and qualitative study of reduplication in these languages seems to be essential. This paper attempts to look at selected forms of reduplication as they appear in Turkish and Persian. The method is based on presenting quality of the different structures and measuring the variability of duplicated elements and their meanings, both in Persian and Turkish languages. It will also look at semantic as well as functional features, to determine and establish various creativity in the structure of them.
According to definition of reduplication in Turkish and Persian it refers to the sequence of two words, dividing into three groups:
-sequence of two words, both of which are meaningful.
-sequence of two words, both of which are meaningless(jingling word).
-sequence of two words, one of which is meaningful and the other is meaningless.
In addition to these cases, Zakeri calls the words with two meaningful elements which are neither synonyms nor collocates, quasi-reduplication. It should be mentioned that there are plenty of these words with high frequency in both Persian & Turkish.
This paper is concentrated on a particular kind of diverse forms of reduplication made of onomatopoeia, verb, and other kinds of words, which imply continuity and intensity. Considering background of reduplication in Turkish attributing to ancient epic poems, and also appearance of reduplication in Persian after Islam and specifically after the forth H. century, it is said that reduplication in Persian is likely to be on imitation of Arabic & Turkish.
After describing these types of interactions between morphology and phonology, a variety of ways in which they have been analyzed and categorized will be discussed.
One of the possible methods, which gives an opportunity to compare capacities of different messages is to have access to appropriate evidence and to use a large number of samples in which different kinds of reduplication are described. In the following chapter the model which is related to the structure of duplicated forms will be outlined.
2. THE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS OF THE REDUPLICATION
Reduplication has been identified in different shapes. Considering the vast meaning of reduplication, the kind concerned with word structure and the different systems of phonetics is the center of analysis here. In this type, one part of root- phoneme, morpheme -or even the whole word, without any change is repeated in fact one part of base or all of that is added as the affix to their base. The affixes consists prefixes, suffixes and infixes. In a number of duplicated words, sometimes, the identifiable part, has been added to the root or the other parts, that is not meaningless and is not defined according to any parts of speech. The condition and probability under which one or two syllabic words might be reduplicated is the same as that of three syllabic words. This chapter is presenting the main kinds required to be placed in a different category.
Many linguists including J.McCrthy and E.Broselow believe that infixing reduplication is extremely rare. On the other hand, other scholars such as Marantz , Alec Bell refer to this point that, most internal reduplications occur only in words having three syllabic stems. This chapter will begin with reviewing different kinds and quality of syllables in duplicated words. Quality of semantic functions, sequence and intensity as well as plurality in these samples will be investigated.The general form of reduplicated syllable structure in both Turkish and Persian will be clarified. At the end of this argument considers a potential degree of reduplication.
The reduplicated forms that make sequence and intensity are made of one or several parts for which the samples are presented below.
Turkish
| cv (cv) cv | de-ha-de | ‘continuously saying sth’ |
| vc (v) vc | aç-a-aç | ‘continuously opening’ |
| cvc (v) cvc | düz-a-düz | ‘continuously setting’ |
| cvc (v) cvc | çix-a-çix | ‘continuously on the verge of burse’ |
| cvc (cv) cvc | sil-ha-sil | ‘ continuously cleaning’ |
| vcv (cv) vcv | oxi-ha-oxi | ‘continuously reading’ |
| cvcc (v) cvc | şarr-a-şar | ‘continuously, intensive flowing of liquid sound’ |
| cvcc (cv) cvcc | çirt-ha-çirt | ‘continuous , intensive sound of burse |
| cv cv (cv) cv cv | dara-ha-dara | ‘continuously combing’ |
| v cv (cv) v cvc | eşit-ha-eşit | ‘continuously hearing’ |
| v cvc (cv) v cvc | apar-ha-apar | ‘continuously taking’ |
| vc cv (cv) vc cv | oyna-ha-oyna | ‘continuously dancing/playing’ |
| vc cvc (cv) vc cvc | atdan-ha-atdan | ‘continuously jumping’ |
| cvc cv (cv) cvc cv | gizlə-ha-gizlə | ‘continuously hiding sth’ |
| cv cvc (cv) cv cvc | süzül-ha-süzül | ‘ continuously shirking’ |
| cvc cvc (cv) cvc cvc | gizlən-ha-gizlən | ‘ continuously hiding yourself’ |
| cv cvcc (cv) cv cvcc | qizart-ha-qizart | ‘continuously frying’ |
| cvc cvc (cv) cvc cvc | boylan-ha-boylan | ‘continuously managing to look up furtively’ |
| v cv cv (cv) v cv cv | itələ-ha-itələ | ‘continuously pushing’ |
| cv cvc cv (cv) cv cvc cv | tülazla-ha-tülazla | ‘continuously throwing(e.g.a rope)’ |
| cv cvc cvc (cv) cv cvc cvc | yüdütdür-ha-yüdütdür | ‘ask washing someone continuously’ |
| cvc cvc cvc(cv) cvc cvc cvc | dondütdür-ha-dondütdür | ‘ask freezing someone continuously’ |
| o cvc cvc cvc (cv) o cvc cvc cvc | oxütdütdür-ha-oxütdütdür | ‘ask someone to teach someone else continuously’ |
| cv cvc cvc cvc(cv) cv cvc cvc cvc | yüdütdütdür-ha-yüdütdütdür | ‘ask someone to ask another one to wash’ |
| cvc cvc cvc cvc (cv) cvc cvc cvc cvc | doldütdütdür-ha-düldütdür | ‘ask someone to ask another one to fill’ |
Persian
| cvcc (v) cvcc | neqq-o-neqq | ‘continuous nagging’ |
| cvcv-cvcv | biyabiya)yi) | ‘being famous’ |
As it is shown, the reduplicated forms that imply continuity and repetition have been made of two kinds of words in Turkish and Persian: verbs and onomatopoeia. While the kinds are few in Persian (cvcc(v)cvcc / cvcv-cvcv), the diversity and vast kinds are substantial in the other. So, at first Turkish examples will be presented.
There are one, two, three and even four syllabic duplicated word in Turkish. However, some of them are not used in conversation in spite of their grammatical forms.
| de | ha | de | ‘telling continuously’ |
| da ra | ha | da ra | ‘combing continuously |
| yü düt dür | ha | yü düt dür | ‘ask someone to wash continuously’ |
| gə tit dit dir | ha | gə tit dit dir | ‘ask someone to ask someone else to bring sth or someone’ |
| ü zax laş dit dir | ha | ü zax laş dit dir | ‘ask someone to ask someone else to make someone leave a place’ |
When the stem is three syllabic, for example in the infinitive like ‘üzaxlaşmaş’ (going away) the number of syllables will increase. This case is fully in accordance with the pattern that is presented, below.
| ü zax laş | ha | üzaxlaş | ‘going away continuous’ |
| ü zax laş dir | ha | üzaxlaşdir | ‘ask someone going away continuously’ |
| ü zax laş dit dir | ha | üzaxlaşditdir | ‘as s.one to make s.one else leave |
| ü zax laş dit dit dir | ha | üzaxlaşditditdir | ‘ask someone to ask someone else to make someone leave a place’ |
As it is shown, some mono or multi-syllable reduplicated verbs and onomatopoeias with continuous and repetition meaning, begins with consonant phoneme. As :
süzül-ha-süzül ,gizlə-ha-gizlə , saxla-ha-saxla , pişir-ha-pişir , dara-ha dara , sil-ha-sil , de-ha-de,
şarr-a-şar,çirt-ha-çirt,düz-a-düz,boylan-ha-boylan,qizart-ha-qizart,tulazla-ha-tulazla,gizlən-ha-gizlən
The initial phoneme of others is a vowel such as :
itələ-ha-itələ,aslan-ha-aslan,atdan-ha-atdan,oyna-ha-oyna,apar-ha-apar,aç-a-aç
Considering the samples, if their initial phoneme is a vowel or a consonant, when they consist of one syllable, just v-infix (a) will be used and when they are made up of two or more syllables, they will not have v-infix at all.
The reduplicated part is added to stem completely when the syllables are one or more in both languages. Most of them especially in Turkish get internal reduplication, in other words they appear by infixing process.
The number of syllables usually is not over two in both languages, which often have been recognized in most of other languages as well. Marantz reviewing the Samoan language and Alec Bell studying Shuswap language have emphasized the number of syllables, vowels and consonants in duplicated parts. They believe that infixing is seen most often in three syllabic words while there are few cases of infixing in one or two syllabic words, if any. Marantz adds that duplicated forms include cv-forms and they are made by adding to the last or the first of mono or disyllabic verb stems. They usually have been considered as prefixes or suffixes and just in three syllabic stems the reduplication will be internal and infix will appear.
In Turkish patterns, not only the three syllabic but also one and disyllabic stems appear by infixing. There are not any restrictions in using infixes and internal reduplication in Turkish, but as some linguists like Yule believe that English does not use infix. It is almost, the same in Persian too. The view of Marantz was followed by Alec Bell too. He emphasizes this subject when he traces the rule of Marantz on Shuswap language. It is what McCarthy also confirms. On the contrary, with few samples of infixing in Persian, the vast diversity and differences of infixing in Turkish reduplication is so much distinctive.
3. WORD FORMATION
Word formation is defined as the word creation according to definite criteria and it may play an important role in elaboration of linear scope in languages. It is one of the most applicable tools that serves creative hypothesis and it settles at language and linguistics domain. Word formation may change the creation form of coinage and the quality of the analytic definition. It provides complex process and sometimes brings unique possibilities with itself that are not recognizable to every user as is seen in the structure of polyvalent verbs in Turkish.
There are some verbs named causative verbs. As said : “used in saying who or what cause something to happen. I eat the baby – I fed the baby i.g. ‘I caused the baby to eat.’ Similarity of make as a causative verb, e.g. in I made the baby eat.’(Matthews 2007:51) In Persian there are suffixes (-and &-anid) that indicate this meaning. In Turkish the causative verbs are polyvalent. The simple past verb yudi(washed) – yudutdi (triadic) – yudutdurdi(tetrameter) means someone asked another one to wash and in tetrameter structure, it means someone asked another one to ask a third person to wash it.
It is not usual but, it is possible to extend these middlemen. So it is not ungrammatical to say yudutdutdurdi. As mentioned in previous chapter, they are used in reduplicated forms, and they multiply the number of syllables before the infix, too. The onomatopoeia have an extended rule in word formation process; In addition to the nominal function in transferring the natural sounds and others, they have competence of making verbs in Turkish. çirt (the sound like seed cracking) from infinitive ( çirtildatmax) imperative verb will be ( çirtildat).Then this verb will be duplicated, that is, çirtildat-ha- çirtildat with continuous and intensive meaning.
In the following chapter, it will be observed that variety and regularity of reduplication structure can extend the vocabulary range.
4.THE STANDARD SAMPLES
Reduplication in Persian and Turkish, which is continuous and has an intensifying meaning, with all similarities have some differences that divide them in to several approaches. In both of them phonological relationship between stems is completely predictable and the reduplicated part always is described as a phonological or morphological copy of the base, but there are some differences. For more explanation, the structure of verb stems will be reviewed. .
In Persian, verb stem is reduplicated without any prefixes, suffixes or infixes and is added to the first part.
biya ‘come’ biya-biya
bezan ‘hit’ bezan-bezan
The definite article as a suffix is added to the reduplicated stem and it makes the ironic meaning. This kind of words are used along with a verb like dashtan’ having’ .
biya-biya >biya-biya (yi) to be very famous
bezan-bezan >be zan-bezan(i) to hit continuously and intensively
In other cases, a coordination [o , vo] is used as an infix within a duplicated stem(onomatopoeia) implying continuity while in Turkish no sample of this kind is observed.
berr-o-ber ‘looking at foolishly’
neqq-o-neq ‘nag’
The diversity of Turkish structure is more than that of Persian .they are presented as follows
1-The verb stem with v-infix(a) and reduplicated part:
vir ‘ hit ‘ vir-a-vir ‘hitting continuously’
2- The verb stem with cv-infix(ha) and reduplicated part:
sil ‘clean’ sil-ha-sil ‘cleaning continuously’
3- The verb stem with v-infix(ə) and reduplicated part:
gəl ‘come’ gəl-ə-gəl ‘coming continuously’
4- The verb stem with infix- – and reduplicated part:
gəl ‘come’ gəl-gəl ‘to be much attractive’
There still can be another form in which no other morph is used which requires no phoneme or morpheme.Empty morph does not add any specific features to base.The only point is that normaly the stem is monosyllabic.In this kind probabley the noun or an onomatopoeia is used too.They are used in a sentence.As:
qan ‘blood’ qan-qan(demax) ‘to speak aggressively’
Şaq ‘the sudden laughing sound’ şaq-şaq(şaqqildamax) ‘to laugh cheerfully’
The most usual kinds, of course with high level of frequency, is the kind that implies cv-infix(ha), v-infix(a) and null morpheme infix respectively.
Every imperative verb in Turkish with cv-infix(ha) and reduplicated part is making the reduplicated form continuous and intensive ,but it is unlikely that in all kinds reduplication with v- infix(a) can be made. It will be usual if a reduplicated word like ‘vir-a-vir’ or ‘vir-ha-vir’ is made, but appearance of’ gəl-a-gəl’ is not according to the norm applied in ‘gəl-ha-gəl’
As it is shown in the following table, all infix types not be used in all stems:
| Stem | v-infix(ə) | v-infix(a ) | cv-infix(ha) | Null morph |
| gəl | gəl-ə-gəl | – | gəl-ha-gəl | gəl-gəl |
| get | ged-ə-get | ged-a-get | ged-ha-get | – |
| vir | – | vir-a-vi r | vir-ha-vir | vir-vir |
Table 1.
The onomatopoeias do not follow the similar system. In Persian, for example, the sound of breathing with noise is called ‘fes-fes’. While it is used to show too much continuous noise , the final morph of first part is made genimated and the stem is copied .Then the reduplicated form of ‘fess-o-fess’ has intensive meaning. This pattern is one of the most usual form in Turkish language too. The onomatopoeia like ‘jiz-jiz’ will get intensive and continuous meaning by genimating of the final morph and copy of the first part and it will result in ‘jizz-a-jiz’. As we saw in verb stems we are able to make ‘jizz-a-jiz’ and ‘jiz-ha-jiz’ too. There are not any restrictions in using each of them, the high frequency of the first case is remarkable.
More attention should be paid to the issue that heightening in the last morph is a specific feature of onomatopoeia and we will not find any verb stem using this style.
As we know, in some languages, like English infixes are not used. In Persian words, we find few words with infixes. So, it seems that they might have been borrowed from Turkish.
5. THE STEMS OF REDUPLICATED CASESES IN TURKISH AND PERSIAN
The formation of Turkish and Persian reduplicated elements is based on their stems .It will not be different if that will be a verb, an onomatopoeia or whatever .When the reduplication is made from a verb stem it will be imperative. In Persian the imperative verb is duplicated, ie. The stem is repeated. Then the article will be added as suffix.
bekub-bekub ‘ playing and dancing’ bekub-bekub(i)
Duplication form in Turkish has its own process. The stem is repeated while an infix is joining them. The stems which can be duplicated are not limited to monosyllables. Two, three or even more syllabic stems can be categorized in this type of infixing.
Onomatopoeia follows the same format as verb stem but, with one difference: when a vowel is infixed, the final phoneme of stem is geminated as in one consonant. When the last morph of onomatopoeia is consonant the neither final morph is geminated as in jizz-a-jiz ‘continuously sizzling’ .If two consonants occur in last phoneme neither it will be geminated, v-infix or cv-infix will be used. As
xirt-xirt ‘crunch’ xirt-a-xirt ‘crunching continuosly and intensive’
xirt-xirt “ xirt-ha-xirt ‘crunching continuosly’
6. INTENSIVE REDUPLICATION
The standard structures were referred to in the previous chapter. It should be pointed out that function of different structures in various situations is highly considerable. As a result, the degree of intensity and continuity of meaning will remarkably differ. It seems that they are different not only in structure but in their meanings. The study of reduplication in conversation is facilitating the highlighting of various issues such as intensifying and sequence.
As noted earlier, this analysis relies heavily on the assumption that this kind of reduplication is evaluated according to two categories (verbs, onomatopoeia) in these languages. We might consider the behavior of stems in Turkish and Persian that conveys diverse meanings. The geminated phoneme or added morpheme to stems makes more emphasis that conveys continuity, intensity and sometimes with plurality at the same time.
The structure of Persian language is inclined to use the variety of adverbs for indicating the intensity. As according to classic styles in which special samples were used for this case, like ‘Əzim nik amad’ (it is extraordinary good). However, this form has been abolished in contemporary style. Persian uses comparative or superlative adjectives and a variety of adverbs to intensify content. It is worth mentioning that both continuity and intensity are rarely conveyed in word simultaneously. As it has been mentioned earlier in chapter 3, there are only two ways of expressing this meaning. An instance of verb stems can be bezan-bezan and that of onomatopoeia stem can be neqq-o-neqq both of which indicate intensity in meaning.
In Turkish, in addition to the adverbs and adjectives some words have the capacity of transferring these two features without any need for another independent word. It is possible to say that in Turkish almost in most of reduplications with intensity, continuous meaning is conveyed as well. While in Persian it is not always the case. The point which should not be overlooked is that different degrees (low-mid-high) of both intensity and continuity is distinctive in two languages.
Meanwhile there is one delicate point which should be pointed out. Reduplication with v-infix and cv-infix in Turkish sometimes indicate singularity and plurality of objects or people along with continuity and intensity. When we narrate our long and continuous knocking until opening the door, we use vir-a-vir . At the same time for implying plurality for a group action, we say vir-a-vir by which in addition to intensity and repetition, plurality is indicated. This is the same in onomatopoeia, too. Consider the popping sound of popcorn or cracking of seed çirt-çirt ; when one person is involved in the production of this sound, the pronunciation is çirt-ha-çirt which is different from when more than one person are producing this sound that is çirt-a-çirt . In latter case all plurality, intensity and continuity are at work. However, preciving of plurality, intensity and continuity is not explicit all the time for people in different situaitions or it might be said that it seems to be proportional ,but it is often clear.The process is schematied in tables(2 ) – ( 5).
As it is shown in diagram, the frequency of cv- infix(ha), the stem with null morph and the v- infix (a) respectively is higher than the others. The other point which is demonstrated in the diagram is the higher frequency of diverse forms of reduplication in Turkish in comparison with Persian.
There are some examples of full reduplications as adjectives and adverbs sometimes implying continuity and rarely intensity presented by Topping, Williams, Johnston, etc. In spite of variety of samples, no example of words implying intensity, continuity along with plurality simultaneously can be found.
7.CONCLSION
There are more cases of stem-dependent reduplicative forms which are introduced here. Reduplicative construction exhibits phonological effects in Turkish, that is different from the phonological effects found in Persian language. While similar process are quite productive in Turkish, it seems this kind of productivity is not that high in Persian.
Stems ending in vowels and the ones with two consonants in last phoneme have a distinctive feature from the stems with one consonant in final position. The main difference is that the last single consonant will be geminated through internal reduplication. The above- mentioned results are the case concerning onomatopoeia. While there is no sample of internal reduplication in verb stems along with.
In Turkish when the verb stem is vowel terminated, we wouldn’t expect to see v-infix at all. While, if it is consonant terminated verb stem, we will anticipate the presence of v-infix, cv-infix or even null morph. In onomatopoeia however, we don’t expect vowel terminated base. Internal reduplication in onomatopoeia will be shaped according to the number of consonants, in last phoneme. In this case the v-infix or cv-infix, maybe used. On the contrary, if there is just one consonant in final position, that will be geminated infixing will occur after that, but the last two consonant phonemes will not be geminated and infixing will occur independently.
Since in Persain just a few samples with v-infix(o) can be observed, it can be concluded that using infixes is more limited in comparison with suffixes and prefixes with high frequency. On the contrary, the variety of infixes ( v-infix(a)(ə), cv-infix(ha) and null morph) in Turkish along with prefixes and suffixes make it so productive.
Considering the high-frequency in infixing process, it can be said that in Turkish, infixing perform a significant role in word-formation and as a result in high productivity of vocabulary used by native speakers of that language. Furthermore, regarding the structure and numbers, reduplication forms indicate intensive and continuous features as well as plural meaning which are very common and dynamic in Turkish.
| WORD | INTENSIVE | CONTINUOUS | INTENSIVE/ CONTINOUS | ||||
| LOW | MID | HIGH | LOW | MID | HIGH | ||
| tüt-ha-tüt | + | – | – | – | – | + | + |
| gəl-ha-gəl | – | + | – | – | – | + | + |
| vir –a- vir | – | – | + | – | – | + | + |
Table-2
Table-3
| ONOMATOPEIA | İNTENSİVE | CONTINUOUS | INTENSIVE/ CONTINOUS | ||||
| LOW | MID | HIGH | LOW | MID | HIGH | ||
| gürr-a-gür | – | – | + | – | – | + | + |
| Xirr-a-xirr | – | – | – | – | – | + | – |
| Şarr-ha-şar | – | + | – | – | – | + | + |
| WORD | INTENSIVE | CONTINUOUS | INTENSIVE/ CONTINUOUS | ||||
| LOW | MID | HIGH | LOW | MID | HIGH | ||
| beküb-beküb | – | – | + | – | + | _ | + |
| biya- biya | – | + | – | – | – | + | – |
| bodo –bodo | – | + | – | – | – | + | – |
Table-4
| ONOMATOPEIA | INTENSIVE | CONTINUOUS | INTENSIVE/ CONTINUOUS | ||||
| LOW | MID | HIGH | LOW | MID | HIGH | ||
| xess –o-xes | – | + | – | – | + | – | + |
| gorr –o- gor | – | + | – | – | + | – | – |
| şorr –o-şor | – | – | + | – | – | + | – |
Table-5
Frequency
| basic verb | V- Infix (a) | V- Infix (ə) | V- Infix (o) | CV- Infix (ha) | affix | |
| Turkish | 1 | 45 | 9 | 0 | 92 | 0 |
| Persian | 12 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 15 |
APPENDIX
| ağla-ha-ağla | dır-a-dır | pıss-a-pıs |
| apar-ha-apar | doldütdür-ha-dodütdür | qaç-a-qaç |
| at-ha-at | döy-ha-döy | qarr-a-qur |
| bebər-bebər | dur-ha-dur | qattə-ha-qattə |
| bebər-bebər(i) | Düz-ə-düz | qoll-o-qol |
| beduz-beduz | düzət-ha-düzət | qorr-o-qor |
| beduz-beduz(i) | duz-ha-duz | rəhlətdir-ha-rəhlətdir |
| bekoş-bekoş | ək-ha-ək | şaqq-a-şuq |
| bekoş-bekoş(i) | eşit-ha-eşit | şarr-a-şar |
| bekub-bekub | ferr-o-fer | şarr-a-şur |
| bekub-bekub(i) | fess-o-fes | sat-ha-sat |
| bepər-bepər | fırt-a-fırt | saxla-ha-saxla |
| bepər-bepər(i) | fıss-a-fıs | saxlatditdir-ha-saxlatditdir |
| beriz-beriz | ged-ə-ged | Seç-ə-seç |
| beriz-beriz(i) | gəl-ə-gəl | Səp-ə-səp |
| berr-o-ber | gəl-gəl | səp-ha-səp |
| berr-o-ber(i) | gəl-ha-gəl | sil-ha-sil |
| besab-besab | gənətditdir-ha-gənətditdir | şıqq-a-şıq |
| besab-besab(i) | get-ha-get | şırr-a-şır |
| besaz-besaz | gətir-ha-gətir | Sök-ə-sök |
| besaz-besaz | gətitditdir-ha-gətitditdir | sok-ha-sok |
| beşur-beşur | gir-ha-gir | şörr-a-şor |
| beşur-beşur | giydir-ha-giydir | sox-ha-sox |
| bexun-bexun | götür-ha- götür | soy-ha-soy |
| bexun-bexun | gotütdür-ha-gotütdür | süputdür-ha-süpütdür |
| bezən-bezən | gumb-a-gumb | süpütdütdüt-ha-süpütdütdür |
| bezən-bezən | gurr-a-gur | Sürtə-sürt |
| biya-biya | gutur-ha-gutur | tax-ha-tax |
| biya-biya | herr-o-her | tik-ha-tik |
| boro-boro | içit-ha-içit | tıkk-a-tık |
| boro-boro | jezz-o-jez | tıpb-a-tıp |
| boxor-boxor | kerr-o-ker | tırr-a-tır |
| boxor-boxor | kəs-ə-kəs | tırt-a-tırt |
| büzüşdur-ha-büzüşdur | kəs-ha-kəs | Tök-ə-tök |
| çağir-ha-çağir | köç-ha-köç | tut-ha-tut |
| çalditdir-ha-çalditdir | lekk-o-lek | vır-ha-vır |
| çalditditdir-ha-çalditditdir | menn-o-men | xess-o-xes |
| çal-ha-çal | mıss-a-mıs | xırr-a-xır |
| çalxala-ha-çalxala | narr-a-nur | xorr-o-xor |
| çalxalatdir-ha-çalxalatdir | neqq-o-neq | yaz-ha-yaz |
| çaqqişdir-ha-çaqqişdir | nıqq-a-nıq | yedit-ha-yedit |
| çaqqişditdir-haçaqqişditdir | nırr-a-nır | yeri-ha-yeri |
| çıqq-a-çıq | oldütdür-ha-oldütdür | yeritditdir-ha-yeritditdir |
| çırt-a-çırt | opüşdütdür-ha-opüşdütdür | yüdütdür-ha-yüdütdür |
| çıss-a-çıs | oxü-ha-oxü | yüdütdütdür-ha-yüdütdütdür |
| çıx-ha-çıx | oxütdütdür-ha-oxütdütdür | yu-ha-yu |
| cızz-a-cız | oxütdütdütdür-ha-oxütdütdütdür | zarr-a-zur |
| daratdir-ha-daratdir | pakk-a-puk | zeqq-o-zeq |
| daratditdir-ha-daratditdir | patt-a-put | zerr-o-zer |
| dərditdir-ha-dərditdir | pıçç-a-pıç | zıqq-a-zıq |
| dər-ha-dər | pıkk-a-pık | zırr-a-zır |
| didişditdir-ha-didişditdir | pıqq-a-pıq | zoqq-o-zoq |
| dindir-ha-dindir | pişitditdir-ha-pişitditdir |
